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''Endurance'' was the three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton sailed for the Antarctic on the 1914 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. She was launched in 1912 from Sandefjord in Norway and was crushed by ice, causing her to sink three years later in the Weddell Sea off Antarctica. == Design and construction == Designed by Ole Aanderud Larsen, ''Endurance'' was built at the Framnæs shipyard in Sandefjord, Norway and fully completed on 17 December 1912. She was built under the supervision of master wood shipbuilder Christian Jacobsen, who was renowned for insisting that all men in his employment were not just skilled shipwrights, but also be experienced in seafaring aboard whaling or sealing ships. Every detail of her construction had been scrupulously planned to ensure maximum durability, for example every joint and every fitting cross-braced each other for maximum strength. The ship was launched on 17 December 1912 and was initially christened ''Polaris'' (eponymous with Polaris, the North Star). She was long, with a beam and measured 348 tons gross.〔 Though her black hull looked from the outside like that of any other vessel of a comparable size, it was not. She was designed for polar conditions with a very sturdy construction. Her keel members were four pieces of solid oak, one above the other, adding up to a thickness of , while its sides were between and thick, with twice as many frames as normal and the frames being of double thickness. She was built of planks of oak and Norwegian fir up to thick, sheathed in greenheart, a notably strong and heavy wood. The bow, which would meet the ice head-on, had been given special attention. Each timber had been made from a single oak tree chosen for its shape so that its natural shape followed the curve of the ship's design. When put together, these pieces had a thickness of . Of her three masts, the forward one was square-rigged, while the after two carried fore and aft sails, like a schooner. As well as sails, ''Endurance'' had a coal-fired steam engine capable of speeds up to . By the time of launch on 17 December 1912, ''Endurance'' was perhaps the strongest wooden ship ever built, with the possible exception of ''Fram'', the vessel used by Fridtjof Nansen and later by Roald Amundsen. However, there was one major difference between the ships. ''Fram'' was bowl-bottomed, which meant that if the ice closed in against her it would be squeezed up and out and not be subject to the pressure of the ice compressing around her. But since ''Endurance'' was designed to operate in relatively loose pack ice she was not constructed so as to rise out of pressure to any great extent. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Endurance (1912 ship)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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